Battle of the Monongahela in the French and Indian War

The Battle of Monongahela was fought on July 9, 1755, during the French and Indian War (1754-1763) and represented a failed attempt by the British to capture the French post at Fort Duquesne. Leading a slow advance north from Virginia, General Edward Braddock encountered a mixed French and Native American force near his objective. In the resulting engagement, his men struggled with the forest landscape and he fell mortally wounded. After Braddock was hit, the British ranks collapsed and the looming defeat turned into a rout. Fort Duquesne would remain in French hands for four more years. Assembling an Army In the wake of Lieutenant Colonel George Washingtons defeat at Fort Necessity in 1754, the British decided to mount a larger expedition against Fort Duquesne (present-day Pittsburgh, PA) the following year. Led by Braddock, the commander-in-chief of British forces in North America, the operation was to be one of many against French forts on the frontier. Though the most direct route to Fort Duquesne was through Pennsylvania, Lieutenant Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia successfully lobbied to have the expedition depart from his colony. Though Virginia lacked the resources to support the campaign, Dinwiddie desired the military road that would be built by Braddock to pass through his colony as it would benefit his business interests. Arriving at Alexandria, VA in early 1755, Braddock began assembling his army which was centered on the under-strength 44th and 48th Regiments of Foot. Selecting Fort Cumberland, MD as his departure point, Braddocks expedition was beset with administrative issues from the outset. Hampered by a lack of wagons and horses, Braddock required the timely intervention of Benjamin Franklin to supply sufficient numbers of both. Braddocks Expedition After some delay, Braddocks army, numbering around 2,400 regulars and militia, departed Fort Cumberland on May 29. Among those in the column was Washington who had been appointed as an aide-de-camp to Braddock. Following the trail blazed by Washington the year before, the army moved slowly as it needed to widen the road to accommodate the wagons and artillery. After moving around twenty miles and clearing the eastern branch of the Youghiogheny River, Braddock, on Washingtons advice, split the army in two. While Colonel Thomas Dunbar advanced with the wagons, Braddock rushed ahead with around 1,300 men. The First of the Problems Though his flying column was not encumbered with the wagon train, it still moved slowly. As a result, it became plagued by supply and disease problems as it crawled along. As his men moved north, they met light resistance from Native Americans allied with the French. Braddocks defensive arrangements were sound and few men were lost in these engagements. Nearing Fort Duquesne, Braddocks column was required to cross the Monongahela River, march two miles along the east bank, and then re-ford at Fraziers Cabin. Braddock expected both crossing to be contested, and was surprised when no enemy troops appeared. Fording the river at Fraziers Cabin on July 9, Braddock re-formed the army for the final seven-mile push to the fort. Alerted to the British approach, the French planned to ambush Braddocks column as they knew the fort could not withstand the British artillery. Leading a force of around 900 men, most of which were Native American warriors, Captain Lià ©nard de Beaujeu was delayed in departing. As a result, they encountered the British advance guard, led by Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Gage, before they could set the ambush. Armies Commanders British Major General Edward Braddock1,300 men French Indians Captain Lià ©nard de BeaujeuCaptain Jean-Daniel Dumas891 men The Battle of  Monongahela Opening fire on the approaching French and Native Americans, Gages men killed de Beaujeu in their opening volleys. Attempting to make a stand with his three companies, Gage was soon outflanked as Captain Jean-Daniel Dumas rallied de Beaujeus men and pushed them through the trees. Under heavy pressure and taking casualties, Gage ordered his men to fall back on Braddocks men. Retreating down the trail, they collided with the advancing column and confusion began to reign. Unused to forest fighting, the British attempted to form their lines while the French and Native Americans fired on them from behind cover (Map). As smoke filled the woods, British regulars accidentally fired on friendly militia believing them to be the enemy. Flying around the battlefield, Braddock was able to stiffen his lines as makeshift units began to offer resistance. Believing that his mens superior discipline would carry the day, Braddock continued the fight. After about three hours, Braddock was hit in the chest by bullet. Falling from his horse, he was carried to the rear. With their commander down, British resistance collapsed and they began falling back towards the river. Defeat Becomes a Rout As the British retreated, the Native Americans surged forward. Wielding tomahawks and knives, they caused a panic in the British ranks which turned the retreat into a rout. Gathering what men he could, Washington formed a rear guard which allowed many of the survivors to escape. Re-crossing the river, the beaten British were not pursued as the Native Americans set about looting and scalping the fallen. Aftermath The Battle of the Monongahela cost the British 456 killed and 422 wounded. French and Native American casualties are not known with precision but are speculated to have been around 30 killed and wounded. The survivors of the battle retreated back down the road until reuniting with Dunbars advancing column. On July 13, as the British camped near Great Meadows, not far from the site of Fort Necessity, Braddock succumbed to his wound. Braddock was buried the next day in the middle of the road. The army then marched over the grave to eliminate any trace of it in order to prevent the generals body being recovered by the enemy. Not believing that he could continue the expedition, Dunbar elected to withdraw towards Philadelphia. Fort Duquesne would finally be taken by British forces in 1758, when an expedition led by General John Forbes reached the area. In addition to Washington, the Battle of the Monongahela featured several prominent officers who would later serve in the American Revolution (1775-1783) including Horatio Gates, Charles Lee, and Daniel Morgan.

Industrial Revolution Essay - 1643 Words

The industrialization of Europe resulted in widespread changes within society. French revolutionaries of all factions were aware that the whole of social life was infused with ideological significance, and were therefore determined to restructure society from top to bottom and across the board. R.G Collingwood argues that some social changes that were felt during this period of time included changes to class structure, the working class, family dynamics, women’s role, and even the lower to middle class. On the topic of social changes, he says that, â€Å"the industrial revolution had far reaching social consequences, which varied across class and regions. Between the late 18th and early 20th centuries, new family and class structures emerged to†¦show more content†¦Thus two interlinked aspects of work experience transformed were the notion of time and the idea of work discipline. E.P. Thompson explains this was because changes in manufacture now demanded greater sync hronization of labor and greater exactitude in time routines, simply because time was money in the new wage economy. The last important change that came from the Industrial revolution can be seen in work specialization. More and more workers performed more minuet and tedious tasks that consequently led to better efficiency for the factory. Unfortunately though the specialization that led to greater efficiency only allowed for an inadequate sense of accomplishment for the workers. This was because the worker would repeat a task day after day, week after week therefore they felt as if they were inconsequential to the greater picture at hand. Specialization of work, the new discipline, rigorous time schedules and low wages all contributed to a feeling of alienation for the worker, from his work and employer.4 The impact that this revolution had on the elites and bourgeoisie was a very interesting conundrum that needs to be investigated as well. According to Marvin Perry the forward movement in technology led to an enormous growth in the types of people that encompassed the middle, bourgeoisie class. Now we saw entrepreneur’s professional-lawyers, notaries,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Industrial Revolution1489 Words   |  6 Pagesenvironment. Industrial revolution was so fundamental that it’s often compared with the transition from farming to stock raising, which began several thousand years before the birth of Christ. Considering the uses of natural resources, can human history be dived up into three pieces of varying length; hundreds of thousands years before â€Å"the agricultural revolution†, thousands of years between this and the Industrial revolution and the two hundreds years after the beginning of Industrial revolution. BeforeRead More Industrial Revolution Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pageshuman culture since the advent of agriculture eight or ten thousand years ago, was the industrial revolution of eighteenth century Europe. The consequences of this revolution would change irrevocably human labor, consumption, family structure, social structure, and even the very soul and thoughts of the individual. This revolution involved more than technology; to be sure, there had been industrial quot;revolutionsquot; throughout European history and non-European history. In Europe, for instanceRead MoreEssay on Industrial Revolution1279 Words   |  6 PagesIndustrial Revolution Europe during the eighteenth century was at the height of the industrial revolution, none of which reached America. In New England the population was largely English, but America as a whole had more than 20 ethnic strains present, nowhere in Europe could such a heterogeneous mixture be found. America was unique in its political structure. Americans vested authority in personalities, rather than, as in England, in institutions of tradition. As a people they had been stripedRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay734 Words   |  3 PagesDue to the Industrial Revolution, many changes started occurring in this new era such as the factories began to use more mechanics, limiting skill needed to produce products as well as hastening the harvesting of raw materials. Secondarily there was a huge standard of living and wage drop in cities due to urbanization which occurred after the factories created an abundance of jobs. Also, there was a huge shift in the population and there was a massive pop ulation growth due to the excess food andRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Essay847 Words   |  4 PagesThe Industrial Revolution During the 1800s, phenomenal changes took place in America. These changes would impact our society incredibly for years to come and even still in the present. The major changes that took place were in transportation and industry. American society expanded so much in the early 1800s that it very well could have been the only time in history where this happened in such a short amount of time. From steamboats to railroads and from textile mills to interchangeable partsRead MoreEssay on Industrial Revolution729 Words   |  3 Pages How Did The Industrial Revolution Affect A Person’s Quality of Life? One’s quality of life is defined as the degree of well-being felt by a person or a group of persons. It is concerned with a citizen’s consumption of goods and services, human rights and the environment. The industrial revolution have produced great wealth to many citizens that influences their state of well being. Others may argue that the changes and advancements in society have brought the burden of scarce resources, diseasesRead More industrial revolution Essay853 Words   |  4 Pagespart of the 18th century, a new revolution gripped the world that we were not ready for (Perry, 510). This revolution was not a political one, but it would lead to many implications later in its existence (Perry, 510). Neither was this a social or Cultural Revolution, but an economic one (Perry, 510). The Industrial revolution, as historians call it, began the modern world. It began the world we live in today and our way of life in that world. It is called a revolution because the chan ges it made wereRead MoreEssay on The Industrial Revolution1366 Words   |  6 PagesThe Industrial Revolution Introduction to the Revolution The Industrial revolution was a time of drastic change marked by the general introduction of power-driven machinery. This change generally helped life, but it had its disadvantages as well. Pollution, such as Carbon Dioxide levels in the atmosphere rose, working conditions declined, and the number of women and children working increased. The government, the arts, literature, music, architecture and mans way of looking at life allRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay763 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ The Industrial Revolution The Agriculture Revolution was a time when people worked the land by using simple hand tools. By the 1800’s, most people in Western Europe and the United States lived on farms. The nation’s economy was based on farming and the making of goods by hand and trading. They lived in rural areas in little cottages lit with firelight and candles. They made their own clothes and grew their own food. The system of making your own clothes was called the putting out systemRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Essay972 Words   |  4 PagesConditions of laborers and the role of women in society has been constantly evolving over the course of history. However, these two major groups experienced the most drastic alterations during the Industrial Revolution. Between the 19th and early 20th centuries, laborers diversified in age, while labor conditions declined. During this same time period, the role of women was reinvented as females searched for work and changed their role within the family. To begin, industrialization was the instigator

Rate Equation and Order Reaction Free Essays

Top of Form 1. For the overall hypothetical reaction A + 5B —gt; 4C the rate of appearance of C given by may also be expressed as: A. B. We will write a custom essay sample on Rate Equation and Order Reaction or any similar topic only for you Order Now C. D. 2. For the reaction 4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) —gt; 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g), the value of -[NH3]/t = 2. 6 x 10-3 M/s at a particular time. What is the value of -[O2]/t at the same instant? A. 1. 3 x 10-2 M/s B. 2. 08 x 10-3 M/s C. 2. 6 x 10-3 M/s D. 3. 25 x 10-3 M/s E. 520 M/s 3. What is the overall order for the following reaction between acetone and iodine? The experimental rate law is rate = k [CH3COCH3] [H3O+] ) CH3COCH3(aq) + I2(aq) +H2O —gt; CH3COCH2I(aq) + H3O+(aq) + I-(aq) A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3 E. 4 4. Nitric oxide (NO) reacts with hydrogen (H2) according to the equation: 2 NO(g) + 2 H2(g) —gt; N2(g) + 2 H2O(g) The following initial rates of reaction have been measured for the given reactant concentrations. Expt. # | NO | H2 | Rate (M/hr)| 1 | 0. 010 | 0. 020 | 0. 020| 2 | 0. 015 | 0. 020 | 0. 030| 3 | 0. 010 | 0. 010 | 0. 005| Which of the following is the rate law (rate equation) for this reaction? A. rate = k[NO]2 [H2] B. rate = k[NO] [H2]2 C. rate = k[NO] [H2 ]4 D. ate = k[NO] [H2] E. rate = k[NO]1/2 [H2]1/4 5. A certain first order reaction A —gt; B is 46 % complete in 68 min at 25Â °C. What is its rate constant? A. 9. 06 x 10-3 min-1 B. 1. 14 x 10-2 min-1 C. 31 min-1 D. -1. 14 x 10-2 min-1 E. 51 min-1 6. What is the value of the rate constant for a first order reaction for which the half-life is 26. 7 min? A. 18. 5 min-1 B. 38. 5 min-1 C. 9. 25 min-1 D. 19. 3 min-1 E. 0. 026 min-1 7. A reaction which is second order has a rate constant of 1. 0 x 10-3 LÂ · mol-1 Â ° sec-1. If the initial concentration of the reactant is 0. 200 M, how long will it take for the concentration to become 0. 250 M? A. 4. 0 x 104 s B. 3. 5 x 104 min C. 3. 5 x 104 s D. 8000 s E. 3. 5 x 10-2 s 8. What is the half life of the previous second order reaction? A. 200 s B. 5000 s C. 0. 005 s D. 2 x 10-4 s E. none of the above 9. For the chemical reaction A —gt; C, a plot of ln[A] versus time is found to give a straight line with a negative slope. What is the order of the reaction? A. third B. second C. first D. zero E. such a plot cannot reveal the order of reaction 10. What is the slope of an Arrhenius plot for the following reaction? CH3CHO(g) —gt; CH4(g) + CO(g) Temp (K); k (LÂ ·mol-1Â ·s-1) 700; 0. 11 730; 0. 035 790; 0. 343 A. 7. 86 x 10-2 L mol-1 s-1/K B. 2. 89 x 10-3 K C. -2. 87 x 103 K D. 3. 23 x 10-4 K E. -2. 32 x 104 K 11. The rate c onstant of a first order reaction is 3. 68 x 10-2 s-1 at 150Â °C. What is the rate constant at 170Â °C if the activation energy for the reaction is 71 kJ/mol? A. 9. 16 x 10-2 s-1 B. 3. 68 x 10-2 s-1 C. 10. 92 s-1 D. -4. 04 x 10-2 s-1 E. 2. 46 x 101 s-1 12. A catalyst increases the rate of a reaction by A. increasing the enthalpy of the reaction B. lowering the activation energy C. raising the activation energy D. decreasing the enthalpy of the reaction 13. For the following exothermic reaction, the rate law at 298 K is: Rate = k [H2] [I2] ———– H2(g) + I2(g) –gt; 2 HI(g) Addition of a catalyst would effect the initial rate of the reaction by: A. increasing the rate of the forward reaction B. increasing the rate of both forward and reverse reactions C. increasing the rate of the reverse reaction D. causing no increase or decrease in the rate of reaction E. none of the above 14. If the rate of the reaction PCl5 —gt; PCl3 + Cl2 is increased a factor of four by doubling the concentration of PCl5, the rate law: A. depends on the concentrations of PCl3 and Cl2 B. is first order with respect to PCl5 C. is second order with respect to PCl5 D. is fourth order with respect to PCl5 15.. Consider the reaction of CH3Cl with hydroxide ion CH3Cl + OH- –gt; CH3OH + Cl- At some temperature the following data are collected: Initial conc| rate after 1 min| [CH3Cl]| [OH-| | 0. 1 M| 0. 1 M| 1 x 10-4 mole/L| 0. 2 M| 0. 1 M| 2 x 10-4 mole/L| 0. 1 M| 0. 2 M| 2 x 10-4 mole/L| A. The reaction is first order with respect to methyl chloride B. The reaction is first order with respect to hydroxide ion C. The reaction is second order overall D. All of the above How to cite Rate Equation and Order Reaction, Papers

Generational Accounting Theory and Application Method

Question: Discuss about the Generational Accounting for Theory and Application Method. Answer: Introduction: The accounting and commercial activities have become more complexed and advanced due to the introduction of new business activities and impact of the globalization. Such increasing complexity in the accounting field, has led the accounting researchers to develop new and modern accounting theories and concepts to fulfill the new requirements. Positive accounting is one of such newly developed concepts, which deals with the disparity in accounting practices, caused by the difference in human behaviors. The study is conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the Positive Accounting Theory. It can also be very beneficial to correlate the human behaviors with the various accounting methods and concepts, practiced by the different accountants. The research has been done on the basis of the article, named, Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research. The research incorporates ontology and epistemology to describe the causes of the differences in the accounting methods and the effects of the disparity in the human behavior more precisely and accurately. It has been observed that in many scenarios, the accounting methods are amended to defend the causes and actions of the accountants and managers for a specified period, but not revised in future accordingly (Biondi Zambon, 2013). It leads the accounting methods to change permanently and thus, creates a new section of accounting. Therefore, the study investigates such certain causes, which influence such changes in the accounting concepts and methods. For better analysis purpose, the study includes both the qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis and collects relevant information from various respective and reliable sources. Summarization of the Article: The study has covered many vast sectors of accounting and economics and incorporated several data analysis techniques to analyze the information related to the study. It has given focus on both the qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis for deriving the outcomes. The qualitative analysis is conducted on the prominent research works and related articles. The quantitative analysis has segmented and verified the important information, gathered from various sources. The respective analysis depicts that the human behavior is very much influenced by the free wills of the individual human beings. The nature of the free will cannot be described completely through scientific research. On the other hand, it is not random also. Therefore, the scientific procedures follow the trend of human behavior for correlating it with any general concepts. The article includes a vivid study on the nature and trend of the human behavior. Apart from scientific research, the study also includes social sciences for better understanding of human behavior (Bonin, 2013). The study has summarized the outcomes of the qualitative research analysis and concluded that in many cases, the accounting theories are not explained properly in context with the human behavior. Poppers criterion is one of the most popular theories on this topic. It describes the criteria, responsible for evolution of new accounting theories from the older version. However, the study explains how the theory of Popper fails to describe the invention of new theories. It demonstrates how the positive accounting can be a potential instrument in explaining the causes of new accounting theories and concepts (Deegan, 2012). The quantitative analysis includes hypothesis testing procedures, though, the information, required for such analysis, are often not so reliable in nature. However, the article describes that the positive accounting approach aims to connect the issues with much wider scientific endeavor. The article has given focus on testing the vulnerable models with more stringent procedures. It has emphasized on the analytical procedures to cover up the drawbacks of both theoretical and practical model of research procedures. It relies on measuring the gathered information instead of testing it with different testing procedures, as the information are not specific enough and the sources of the information are also not reliable. By implementing such procedures, the article concludes that there is a significant disparity between the existing practical methods of positive accounting and the required procedures, which can lead the concept to become more effective and beneficial in accordance to its potentiality. The article has tried to pin out the causes for such disparity through the normal science, as described by Kuhn. It suggests that the normal scientific research should be considered and practiced as a general and important cultural activity. Then it can be possible to solve the puzzles, caused by the impact of human behavior on the accounting procedures and thus, the positive accounting concept can be more effective (Jones, 2015). Though it seems to be very tough and advanced procedures, a social system, developed by imitating science, can avoid the limitations of nature and create a perfect Kuhnian world. In such world, the researchers can solve the puzzles with the help of the reliable sources of info rmation from the society. As per the article, positive accounting is closely identical with the Kuhnian concept. Therefore, for solving the puzzles related to the accounting concepts can also be solved in the same procedure. Research Question: The article has been developed on the basis of the following questions:- What are prevailing theories and concepts, related to the research on Positive Accounting? What is the relationship between the positive accounting concept and the human behavior? In which manner, the Kuhnian concept of normal science is related with the field of accounting research? The research questions are well-aligned and answered in the article properly. The article has used the existing accounting theories and concepts for analyzing the positive accounting theory under the quantitative method. Thus, it has correlated the concept with the other concepts and theories accordingly (Miller Power 2013).The article has also included several other research papers to explain the relationship between the positive accounting and the human behavior. For explaining the relationship, it has even used ontological and epistemological procedures to explain the causes, responsible for the changes and evolution in accounting practices and the impacts of the human behavior on the accounting concepts. As the article has tried to explain the relationship of positive accounting concept and human behavior through scientific approaches, it has given focus on Kuhnian concept of normal science. The Kuhnian concept, which explains the concept of normal science, is very effective to create a bridge between the accounting fields with the scientific methodologies to describe the aforementioned relationship. Theoretical Framework: The article has developed to explain mainly the role and effectiveness of positive accounting theory for explaining the changes and revisions in accounting concepts in accordance to the changes in human behaviors. The article has used multiple research articles and theories to derive the required outcome. The article has incorporated the ancient Greek studies on rational behavior. In the ancient period, Greece was the centre of rich culture, which was established on the intellectual thoughts and free mindedness of the ancient Greek society. After the fall of the ancient Greece, these rich thoughts have been passed to the other parts of Europe and Central Asia via the Romans. However, there are some contradictory theories, existed in the ancient Greece, which may discourage the researchers to proceed for any research work. According to the Greek philosophy, every rational activity has some reasons, which force the individual to act either positively or negatively. The positive accounting concept states that the evolution or introduction of new accounting methods or concepts is not occurred without any aim or objective. It is developed as per the needs, requirements and preferences of the accountants or managers. Hence, it is very much influenced by the human behaviors. Thus, the ancien t philosophical theory helps to understand the rationale of the positive accounting concept and the objective of the research study. The article has developed the hypothesis of the quantitative analysis on the basis of the Poopers criterion. The criteria, described by Popper, explain the scenarios, which led the researchers to develop new theories. The criteria have helped to test many existing theories on the basis of the observations and predictions. Hence, the article has used the criteria to check whether the theories fulfill the Poppers description or it falls under falsifiability criterion. However, it should be noted that Poppers criterion is used to judge the theories. It does not describe the factors, responsible for the invention of new ideas or theories. Another research study, which has been given high importance in the article, is the Kuhnian description of normal science. Kuhn suggests that the research is the medium of attracting the researchers to solve interesting puzzles and thus, creating newer theories one after another. The positive accounting concept also states more or less approach. It narrates that a new accounting theory creates some constraints or further needs for the accountants and managers. Such issues or requirements influence the accountants or managers to develop a newer practice. The newer practice is generated as per the nature of the issues or requirements, which, in return, varies with the nature and thoughts of accounting practitioners (Wagenhofer, 2015). Significance Limitations of the Article: The article, named Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research, has been studied for describing various concepts of accounting and auditing, which can provide better insights to the research work. The study also highlights the issues, for which, the accounting practices may fail to fulfill the Poppers criterion in many cases. However, it also includes some limitations. The importance and the limitations of the research study is described in details below: Importance of the Article: The study creates a clear relationship between the various concepts and theories of positive accounting. It helps to understand the perspective of introducing comparatively lower standards by relating the standards with the operational activities and objectives. It compares the traditional sciences with the concept of positive accounting and exhibits how the traditional sciences can be correlated with the principal objectives of the concept. Thus, it can be beneficial to resolve the major issues, described by Kuhn, through providing proper explanation of the concept. The study demonstrates how the positive accounting method can be useful to identify the major aspects of accounting theories by fulfilling the scientific objectives. The study describes the methods of positive accounting, which utilize the scientific processes for explaining the accounting methods (Deegan, 2016). Positive accounting is a broader concept, which deals with the accounting methods and its relation with the human behavior. Hence, for an elaborated study on positive accounting it is necessary to understand the causes of various positive accounting methods and impacts of the human behavior on those methods (Banerjee, 2014). The research study helps summarize the causes and impacts more precisely through epistemological and ontological analysis procedures. The research study also incorporates qualitative analysis process. Thus, it analyzes the existing popular theories and concepts for evaluating the positive accounting theory. The study has been conducted to test all the factors related to the positive accounting concept. Thus, it aligns all the related accounting and non-accounting factors with the concept. Limitations of the Article: The theoretical models, which are used in this article, does not relate with the objectives of the study closely. Therefore, it should have included more specific and better models for explaining the issues (Deegan, 2013). As discussed above, the collected information is mainly measured in this article for analytical purpose. The outcomes of the analysis would be more accurate, if the analytical model would include testing models as well. The parameters for the testing of hypothesis are not estimated properly. The estimations should have been based on the comparison between the theoretical predictions and the confidence intervals of the parameter (Dobija Kurek, 2013). It can be suggested that the article should incorporate information archives for measuring necessary concepts and methods. The article should further confirm the outcomes of the hypothesis testing. It should also identify the limitations of applying the research outcomes in other research works and related fields of accounting. Conclusion: The article, Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research, has provided a thorough research on the relationship between the positive accounting concept and the human behavior. It has included various other articles and research works for providing proper details. The research analysis has also been done in a descriptive and precise manner so that the outcomes from the qualitative and quantitative methods can help to achieve the common research objective. The incorporation of scientific approach has made the research work more authenticate. Though, after reviewing the article, some limitations of the research procedure have been identified in the article, it can be concluded that the article can be proved to be highly beneficial for the other accounting research works in future. References: Banerjee, B. (2014).Cost Accounting Theory and Practice. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Biondi, Y., Zambon, S. (Eds.). (2013).Accounting and business economics: Insights from national traditions. Routledge. Bonin, H. (2013).Generational accounting: theory and application. Springer Science Business Media. Deegan, C. (2012).Australian financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Deegan, C. (2013).Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Deegan, C. (2016).Financial Accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Dobija, M., Kurek, B. (2013). Scientific provenance of accounting.International Journal of Accounting and Economics Studies,1(2), 16-24. Freeman, R. J., Shoulders, C. D., Allison, G. S., Smith Jr, G. R., Becker, C. J. (2014). Governmental and nonprofit accounting: theory and practice.JPAEJOURNAL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS EDUCATION VOLUME 20 NUMBER 3, 441. Jones, S. (2015). Development of financial accounting theory.The Routledge Companion to Financial Accounting Theory, 1. Miller, P., Power, M. (2013). Accounting, organizing, and economizing: Connecting accounting research and organization theory.The Academy of Management Annals,7(1), 557-605. Quinn Jr, E. (2014). The Evolution of Accounting Theory in Response to Market Changes.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,4(10), 509. Smith, M., Tucker, B. (2013).Advanced Strategic Management Accounting: Theory and Practice. Cengage Learning Australia. Vosslamber, R. (2013). Accounting Theory: Research, Regulation and Accounting Practice.Pacific Accounting Review. Wagenhofer, A. (2015). Usefulness and implications for financial accounting.The Routledge Companion to Financial Accounting Theory, 341.

The Crucible Essay Example

The Crucible Essay The Crucible The Crucible is a tale of what happens when paranoia, apprehension, and terror are introduce into the small town of Salem. Our group liked how the title relates to the book. We found it quite clever because a crucible is a small metal container which can withstand heat so that it may melt metals in it and purify them. As a group we felt a crucible was like the church because it purifies people. The novel is written in a play format, which as a group we felt made the novel ore confusing. The authors style was hard to follow, for example: too many characters were introduced at the same time. The characters had no build to them, with the exception of Proctor. The character Proctor was developed well and was easier to understand his point of view, unlike the other characters in the novel. The author had a very bland tone. It made the novel have a dragging feeling to it. The author did not spice up the novel. The group felt that the novel had no climax o it, which was quite disappointing. When reading the description the expectations for the novel were very high seeing as we expected crazy witch craft, mystery, vengeance, paranoia, terror, death, and despair. The group was unsatisfied with the book. Due to high expectations the book appeared to be very boring and had a plain tone to it. Having no hook to it and no climax the novel was not worth the read although it was a short novel. The Crucible would not be a book recommended to others. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Crucible Essay Example The Crucible Paper During this scene, there are instances where one or two words can have a dramatic effect on someones state of mind. For example, when Hale asks John to recite the Ten Commandments, he remembers all of them, except Do Not Commit Adultery. Because this is the commandment he has broken, he suffers a mental block and, flailing for it ends up repeating one of the other commandments. However, when Elizabeth assists him by delicately whispering Adultery John, he is momentarily devastated. He attempts to laugh it off, but the audience may suspect from Hales penetrating gaze that he has seen through John and guesses that he has committed adultery. The other major scene in which Johns emotions are at breaking point is when Cheever and Herrick come on business of the court, to take Elizabeth away to jail. At the start of the scene, Hale expressly stated that he had not come on business of the court, but with the arrival of Cheever and Herrick, everything changes, and suddenly Hale is as powerless as John to determine Elizabeths fate. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Miller ahs portrayed John as having tried the reasoned, co-operative approach and, this having failed, Johns desperate resort to open defiance to his understandable response to the sudden heightening of the stakes. However, some of the pauses in the scene also play on the emotions of the characters. When Cheever discovers a needle in the poppet that is in the Proctor household, he becomes wide-eyed. He then explains what had happened to Abigail earlier that day, John, infuriated, immediately turns to Hale asking if youre takin this for proof. Hales silence, struck by the proof, confirms that Elizabeth is now in his view guilty. Another example of how pauses mean something is just after Hale has asked John to recite his commandments, John either deliberately or accidentally forgets the commandment about adultery. The ambiguous smile, full of misgivings, with which Hale reacts to this slip, heightens the tension in the conversation, and reminds the audience that John and Elizabeth are in real trouble. The language of the characters is also characterised by a steady build-up of tension. On some occasions, the words used by a character are said just out of anger, whereas on other occasions, the characters give considered replies. A good example of a shrewd talker is Giles, as his arguments in favour of releasing his wife and the other accused women are fairly persuasive and clever. At one point, Giles tries to make Cheever feel bad about what he is doing: an honest tailor might have gone to Heaven must burn in Hell. This language causes the audience to feel real pity for Giles and commiserate with him. The timing and pace in this scene are mostly fast but sometimes quite slow. During the conversation between John, Elizabeth and Hale, the pace of the conversation is quite slow, as John and Elizabeth answer Hales questions and try to remain calm, whereas in the conversation between Cheever, Hale, Herrick and John, the pace is much faster. This is mainly because they are interrupting each other and disagreeing with various statements said, the conversation quickly becoming very heated. This makes for good drama, as the audience will want to see what happens next between these characters and how far John will go as the tension escalates. The two outstanding examples of the use of timing in this scene are Hales entrance, when suddenly as though by air, a figure appears by the doorway. The audience will inevitably wonder he has been standing there, as will John and Elizabeth. The other is the sudden arrival of Cheever to arrest Elizabeth: Enter Ezekiel Cheever. A shocked silence. The timing of Cheevers entrance is a turning point as up to this point, all disputes have been discussed in a civil way. But, at the same time, a lot of tension and anxiety must be going through Proctors head, so when Cheever and Herrick enter the conversation, it begins to get heated, as Proctor begins to lose his nerve, shout and get very angry with anything said about Elizabeth. There are a few moments of significant impact in this scene. Firstly, Hale has been told about why all the people have confessed to witchcraft, and this proves a quite major turning point as, Hale now begins to understand the peoples point of view. The reader would see that deep down, Hale knows that these people are most probably innocent: It is his own suspicion, but, he doesnt want to go against the court, so he has to put up an argument. Later, John makes Hale realise what is happening when he inquires about why Abigail is considered to be innocent: Is the accuser always holy now? The significance of this scene to the play as a whole is, that within this scene, people like Giles and Francis now want to go to Salem, to try to get the charges against their wives dropped. However, John Proctor at the beginning of the scene was very hesitant about going to Salem, but, now he willing to go to almost any lengths to free his wife. As a result, the details of his adultery get out. The Crucible Essay Example The Crucible Essay The Crucible is a exhilarating play, which is based on the true events that happened in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692 when a group of teenage girls started to mess with witchcraft and faked being caught by the devil; the girls created a horrific witch hysteria. It shows how the courts where run unfairly in the 17th centaury, and it shows how the court has such a big affect on the villages society. Arthur Miller has written the play in an effectual way and uses factual events to show the audience what really happened and how Salem and McCarthyism are parallel. Act 3 pages 86-96 is set in the courtroom, where the characters, Mary Warren, Parris, John Proctor, Danforth, Abigail, Mercy, Hathorne, Suzanna, Herrick, Cheever, and Hale are present. These characters are all present in the courtroom because they are all part of the village society affected by the lies caused by Abigail and her followers. The page starts with Danforth asking Mary to faint to prove that she can faint whenever she wants, to prove that Abigail and her followers can also pretend to see spirits. Mary is torn whether to tell the truth about Abigail lying about seeing the spirits, with this she may be facing a death sentence and she would go through the torment of Abigail getting revenge on her, or to go along with Abigail and not face a death sentence and be free from torment from Abigail. On Page 86 when Mary says:Faint? I would direct Mary to say this in a very breathless timid voice, this is because Mary is afraid to say anything to the judge and is scared of Abigail, who is near her, this will make her feel uneasy, if she says it in a timid breathless voice it shows how Mary is feeling and shows her situation very clearly. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer On the line Aye, faint. Prove to us how you pretended in the court so many times I would direct Parris to do a little smirk when he says aye and to walk over to Mary when he says from prove and when he says pretended he should say it in a lower tone and raise his eyebrow. This conveys to the audience that he wants Mary to show that she was lying, knowing that she cannot, he wants this because he wants to prove a point to the judge that Proctor is no good and that Mary is lying. Once Parris has said his line, I would direct Mary to look sheepishly at Proctor and say the line stutteringly I cannot faint now, sir. At this point I would direct Marys eyes to start to water softly while looking at Proctor. Then I would direct Proctor to look at Marys eyes and look like he feels guilty for what he I forcing her to do for a few seconds and then he should straighten his back and say: can you not pretend it? I would direct him to say this in a subtle way so the other characters dont hear it and the other characters on stage should act like they havent heard what Proctor and Mary are talking about; this conveys to the audience that Proctor and Mary are being secretive and will do anything to get justice for the people that have been accused. When Proctor says the word pretend to Mary, I would direct Proctor to say that in a pretentious way, this conveys to the audience that he desperately wants Mary to faint. After Mary has told the court about why she cannot faint, Danforth then questions her about it by saying: Why, what is it lacking now? Before he says this he should lean over his desk intrigued by what Mary has just told him. This shows to the audience that he is intrigued by what Mary has just said. On the line Your Excellency, this is a trick to blind the court! I would direct Parris to say this walking towards Danforth and pointing his finger at Mary and should say this in an aggressive but desperate tone. This conveys to the audience that Parris is trying to show to the court that he is right and that Mary is lying. On the line when Abigail says :Why, this- this is a base question, sir I would direct Abigail to act innocently for the start of the sentence and should stutter during the sentence; but should really emphasis the word base because she is trying to act innocent but her dark side shows while saying this. On the line: I have been hurt, Mr Danforth; I have seen my blood runnin out! I have been near to murdered every day because I have done my duty pointing out the devils people I would direct Abigail to look innocent and clutch her stomach where her wounds would have been and tilt her head down slightly, and then she shall say the end of the passage: and this is my reward! To be mistrusted, denied, questioned like a- When Abigail says this she should look up and look Danforth directly in the eye and walk over to him and place her hands on his desk firmly, this conveys to the audience that Abigail is trying to act innocent but cant hold back her true evilness. When Abigail says: let you beware, Mr Danforth. Think you be so mighty that the power of Hell may not turn your wits? Beware of it! There is - I would direct her to say this in an accusatory attitude, and say the words in italic with a deeper tone directly aimed at Danforth. Once she has said this I would direct her to have a frightened look on her face and for her to look up into the air, with her hands starting to shake. This conveys to the audience that Abigail is manipulating Danforth and is truly frightened by something; she is doing this to stop Danforth accusing her of lying. When Mary says: Abby! , I would direct Mary to say this in a pleading and terrified force, and I would direct her to lean forward and back a little once saying it, so it looks like she wants to reach out and grab Abigail. This conveys to the audience that Mary is petrified of Abigail and she knows what Abigail is doing. After this, Mercy steps forward out of the crowd of girls on stage and starts chattering her teeth and puts her arms out to show her shaking hands and looks at Danforth and Yells : Your Honour, I freeze! in a distinctive shivering voice. This conveys to the audience that Mercy wants the judges to believe Abigail, and shows that Mercy has understood Abigails hint to start seeing the devil. When Mary says her next line, I would direct Mary to do the line: Lord, save me! in a crying out loud motion, and I would direct her to fall to the floor by her knees starting to bend, and I would direct proctor to grab her underarms and lift her back up. This conveys to the audience that Mary doesnt have anything to do with what Abigail is doing, and she feels like she has no hope left in her, and that only the lord can save her. Danforth then looks directly at Mary and says: Mary Warren, do you with her? I say to you, do you send your spirit out? I would direct Danforth to look at Abigail before he says the line and then to look directly at Mary, this shows to the audience that he had noticed what is going on and is being biased about what he is saying. When Danforth is saying his lines I would direct him to say Mary Warren in a gruff tone, and once he has said her name he looks back at Abigail and then sharply turns his head back to Mary and gives pointy eyes (commonly known as e vils) to Mary. The he also says the line in a direct accusation tone. This shows the audience that Danforth believes Mary and he is frightening her. Once Abigail has said her line : oh, heavenly father, take away this shadow I would direct Proctor to leap forward, letting go of Mary, and grabs Abigail by the hair, and falls upon Danforths desk and then pulls himself up, still gripping her hair, and pulls her to her feet viciously, while Abigail screams in pain, and turns Abigail to face him (all of this would be a side view of the two inn front of the audience, so the audience can see what proctor is doing to Abigail) and he lets go of her hair, but with one hand still holding it tightly, and the other hand grabbing the bottom of her chin and he lifts her chin up and yells : How do you call heaven, Whore! Whore! This expresses to the audience that Proctor has lost his temper with Abigail, and is taking out his aggression on what she has done on her and is willing to lose his good mans reputation for it, to prove to the court that Abigail is capable of anything. Once Proctor and Abigail have been separated, Proctor should say his next line: It is a whore in a breathless and agonising way, and he should bend down and place his hands on his knees. This shows that he put all his effort into attacking Abigail and is now tired out. On the line: John, you cannot say such a - I would direct Francis to look horrified about what Proctor has just said about Abigail, and makes big hand gestures while saying it to show his emotion in what he is saying. This suggests to the audience that he doesnt want Proctor to say that Abigail is a whore, and it shows that he doesnt believe what Proctor has just said and that he doesnt believe that a child could be capable of it. I would direct proctor to look up, with his head held high, gripping his fists and trying to keep back the tears and says : in the proper place, where my beasts are bedded. On the last night of my joy, some eight months past. She used to serve me in my house, sir. (He has to clamp his jaw to stop him from weeping) A man may think that God sleeps, but God sees everything, I know it now, I beg you, sir, I beg you see her what she is. My wife, my dear good wife, took this girl soon after, sir, and put her put on the highroad. And being what she is, a lump of vanity, sir (he is being overcome. ) Excellency, forgive me. (Angrily against himself, he turns away from the Governor for a moment. Then as though to cry is his only means of speech left) she thinks to dance with me on my wifes grave! And well she might, for I thought of her softly. God help me, I lusted, and there is a promise in such sweat. But it is a whores vengeance, and you must see it; I set myself entirely in your hands. I know you must see it now. Where the words are in italics, this is when I would direct proctor to nearly break down in tears, and show his true emotion; and the words that are in bold I would direct him to say these words distinctively. This communicates with the audience that Proctor is deeply ashamed of himself and is desperately trying to get through to the judge about what Abigail is like. After Proctors heart wrenching speech, I would direct Danforth to look at Abigail disappointingly, and then Abigail would say her line turning back to Danforth and stepping towards him saying in a sharp tone : what look do you give me? I would direct Danforth to look stunned at this point) Ill not have such looks. (she turns for the door) By Abigail saying this in a sharp tone, and Danforth being stunned, it conveys to the audience that Abigail is still manipulating Danforth and that Danforth is now starting to believe Proctor. Once Elizabeth has entered on page 90, I would direct Elizabeth to say her first line: Good, sir very faintly. This conveys to the audience that Elizabeth has been treated badly in the prison and has poor health. I would then direct Elizabeth to try to get proctors attention while saying: she were - I would direct her to glance in proctors direction, with a tear in her eye, and she would say the line very timidly. This conveys to the audience that Elizabeth doesnt know how to answer the question as she does not know if her husband wants her to tell them or not. When Elizabeth says the line Oh God! I would direct her to attempt to look back at proctor and for her to break down in tears. This conveys to the audience that she lied for Proctor not realising that he didnt want her to lie for him. After all this drama on stage, I would direct Hale to say his line a very demanding way. When he says the line: I believe him! (Pointing to Abigail. ) This girl has always struck me false! She has - I would direct him to quickly point at Abigail, using his whole arm and will walk to towards her before he finishes the sentence. This shows the audience that Hale believes Proctor and is trying to show the court what is really happening and that he is trying to convince the court to believe Proctor. When Abigail screams and says the line: You will not! Begone! Begone I say! In a very scared manner; I would direct Abigail to thrust her arms back and to look up at the ceiling while saying the line, but just before she says the line I would direct her to make a weird, wild and chilling cry. When Danforth asks Abigail what is the matter, I would direct Abigail to point at the ceiling with fear, and moves her head to face Danforth, and her eyes look frightened, with her face terribly awed, and then she looks at the girls, and they all do the same as what she was doing previously, and then Abigail looks up at the ceiling again. This conveys to the audience that Abigail is telling the girls to look up at the ceiling as something is there. When Proctor says the line : Do you see a bird I would direct him to say this in a confused way, to show that hes not sure if a real small bird is there or not. This conveys to the audience that only the girls can see the bird. On the line: Abby, Im here! I would direct Mary to be yelling this at Abigail while leaning forward a little, as if to go near her, whilst with both hands clenched on her heart. This conveys to the audience that Mary is desperate for Abby to stop it and that Mary isnt doing anything wrong. When all the girls say: Abby you mustnt I would direct all their eyes to fixed wide open. This creates a dramatic effect on stage and conveys to the audience that their actions have something to do with their plan with the devil. Mary then yells: Abby and I would direct her to have tears rolling down her cheeks, but not hysterically, and for her to stamp her feet like a little child desperate to get what she wants. This conveys to the audience again that Mary is desperate for Abigail to stop otherwise if the judges believe Abigail and the girls; Mary could face a death sentence for it. On the line: Look out! Shes coming down! I would direct all the girls to look up before that line and once the line is said, all the girls should shriek and run to wall on stage where the judges are not positioned. I would also direct the cover the eyes using a cross shape with their hand, with the palms facing outwards, like a shield before their eyes. The girls all scream, and then I would direct Mary to look around the courtroom, to look frightened, and close her eyes with her fists clenched, and for her to let out the loudest scream she possibly can, and as soon as this happens I would direct the girls screams to slowly fade and for them to un-shield their eyes, so everyone in the courtroom is watching Mary screaming. Then I would direct proctor to run towards her and to grab her by the shoulders. This suggests to the audience that Mary got to scared and joined Abigails side, and that Proctor is astonished by what Mary has just done. After that, I would direct that Mary pulls away from proctor and stops screaming, but turns to face him and slowly backs away shrieking: My name, he want my name (I would direct Mary to look at Danforth sympathetically and then turn back round) Ill murder you he say, if my wife hangs! we must go and overthrow the court he says! Then I would direct Danforths head to jerk towards proctor, with the most shock and horror on his face. This conveys to the audience that the girls are definitely lying because the audience knows that Proctor never said any of the things that Mary has accused him of. When Danforth says to Proctor: What are you? (Proctor is beyond speech to his anger. You are combined with anti- Christ, are you not? I have seen your power, you will not deny it! What say you, Mister? I would direct Danforth to say the first part of the passage in a disappointed way, as if to show that he is disgusted by what Proctor has become; I would then direct him to say the second bit of the passage in a disgraced and angry way. This conveys to the audience that Danforth believes the girls over what Proctor and Hales say. Hale goes extra mad at this and yells extremely loudly so all the members of the court turn to look at him: I denounce these proceedings! this conveys to the audience that Hale believes Proctor and wants to stop what the court is doing. The Crucible Essay Example The Crucible Essay Arthur Miller wrote the play The Crucible in response to the red scare of the 1950s, in which he was was condemned for disrespect disapproval of the United States Congress for being unsuccessful in naming numerous individuals who had attended meetings with him. In a bid to not only secure his career as a Journalist play writer and also to alert the American people against the government misinformation propaganda that were headed their way. The characters in the play are faced with the same tragedies sentences that befell people during the McCarthyism trials; he ses the Salem Witch Trials as a metaphor to draw national attention towards the doings and executioners of the McCarthyism propaganda. Arthur Miller uses allegory in his play, The Crucible, to show the similarities between the Salem witch trials and the Red Scare. During the McCarthy era, freedom was a very important aspect in life; during the Salem witch trials, religion was a very important aspect of life. In both of these events, people are frightened. The Red Scare led to many people fearing others, thinking everyone was a Communist. In the Salem witch trials, itchcraft is threatening the village. Miller also wanted to show the similarity between both corrupt courts in these two events. In the Salem witch trials, all substantial evidence is through out of the window, and everything that supports witchcraft is valid. Much is the same with the Red Scare court system. The obvious connections between the Salem Witch Trials and the McCarthy era are illustrated throughout The Crucible, and one could argue Miller wrote the play to help Americans realize the wrong in accusing others without evidence. During both the itch trials and the chaos in the 1950s, innocent people were blacklisted, trivial actions became suspicious, and humans allowed their fear to run their actions. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In both cases, respectable people were unjustly accused, and blacklisted, permanently ruining their reputations. Accusations came from fear of being accused, as well as the fear of being in harm. Many people who were highly respected were accused of unreasonable crimes, and due to the hysteria at the time, they were not questioned. For example, in the 1950s Senator Joseph McCarthy created a list of potential ndividuals he feared were communist, such as Walt Disney, Ronald Regan and Arthur Miller. McCarthy created this list based off of his own fears of communism, and unsubstantial evidence, and accused many highly respected people of an unrealistic crime. McCarthy accused people of communism who did not support the communist party in any way, and resulted in their prominent careers being destroyed and loss of their family and friends all based on untrue rumors which were spread about them The Crucible By ritaaax33

Blood Brothers by Willy Russell Essays

Blood Brothers by Willy Russell Essays Blood Brothers by Willy Russell Essay Blood Brothers by Willy Russell Essay Essay Topic: Literature On the 20th October 2010, we went to watch ‘Blood Brothers’. Written by Willy Russell, the story is a gripping, emotional and sometimes comical tale of twin brothers from Liverpool who are separated at birth due to the financial desperation of their single mother. Brought up in completely different social backgrounds, their birth mother’s obsessive attempts at keeping her sons from discovering each other lead to a tragic conclusion. I was really surprised how they started the play with a flashback but it worked well, it made me realise that the play is going to have a tragic ending. It also engaged me to want to watch the play and find out what happens further on into the story. It allowed me as the audience to feel sympathy for the characters without knowing them. My favourite actor was Sean Jones who played the part of Mickey. This is because I really enjoyed how he acted like a seven year old, he used his enthusiasm clearly to make his acting realistic and believable. He portrayed this by using his body language and facial expressions effectively. He was really successful in showing he was upset and arrogant when he wasn’t allowed to play outside, which is originally what a real seven year old would do. Sean Jones used his levels effectively to present himself as a seven year old. When his mother told him he wasn’t allowed to go outside, he immediately fell to the floor to show sadness. He also made sure he was engaging with the audience by using facial expressions. One effective facial expression, I personally thought was good was when he dropped his face in an exaggerated way like a child would do if they were sad. His voice was loud and confident to show that Mickey was able to speak his mind, and slightly high pitched to present his age. Sean also showed a shy side of Mickey when he was around Linda. He showed this by placing his hands in his pockets and looking away as if he was embarrassed. When Mickey was depressed, Sean presented him clearly and effectively. He showed Mickey was depressed by slowing his voice and making it seem slightly slurred. Even though his voice was quite slurred he still kept it loud and understandable. Sean also showed anger by shouting and steeping forward in a threatening way. He was at the front of the stage to make him seem closer to the audience; I think this was to show he was superior and dominant and felt like he had control over the situation. The other actor I favoured was Nikki Evans who played Mrs. Johnstone because I thought she had a very powerful voice. I think she showed a motherly side to all the children throughout the play. The scene I thought she was effective in was when she gave Edward the locket and she came down to his level. She previously acts quite vicious and keeps on shouting at him, but to me makes it clear she is protecting Mickey and Edward. Both movement and voice were used successfully by this actor, showing Mrs Johnstone was tired and worn out from having a quite stressful life. This therefore made me feel quite sympathetic for her because she clearly couldn’t manage another child and had no choice to give Edward to Mrs Lyons. In the play I didn’t like the one character, Edward played by Paul Davies because I feel like the actor didn’t change much from a 7 year old to a much older person. Unlike Sean, Paul didn’t put as much energy into his movement around the stage. The scene I really didn’t like which involved him was the shooting scene as he didn’t make his acting seem dramatic instead he was more boring and dull. He could have improved this scene by using his body language to portray his innocence and weakness. His facial expression didn’t change much unlike Mickey because he was just having a same face, and not changing. For example when Sean Jones said the ‘f’ word Paul Davies had a little bit of a shocked face but not much. The scene I thought was most effective was when Mickey and Edward first meet and become ‘Blood Brothers’. I like this moment because I find that it’s really sweet and makes the audience feel happy and warm. The actors really showed their enthusiasm which made them look and feel like a seven year old. Mickey tried to impress Edward and attempted to show off, by pulling his jumper over his knees, saying words like ‘piss off’ and the ‘F’ word, this made Edward feel like Mickey is amazing and that he should be his best friend. This proved to us that they were younger than they actually were by using the stage well, by running around as if they were playing a game. I was really disappointed with the last scene. In my opinion there was a lot of poor acting; Edward’s facial expression was completely blank and to me seemed to have no fright in it what so ever. Also the how the police run in through the audience wasn’t effective because it was quite distracting and confusing as I didn’t know where to look. The lighting was a vital part to the play, it helped to create atmosphere. I felt that the use of red presented an evil feel towards the play. Red originally represents anger, murder and hatred. This happened when Mickey thought Linda was having an affair with Edward, in rage Mickey grabbed a gun and ran off the stage in search of Edward. They also used lighting to illustrate places they were, like when they were at the cinema and the lights were dimmed but certain lights were flickering on their face which made it look like a real cinema. These also made the audience feel like their part of the story and as if there watching a real film. They also used lighting to portray their emotions, for example when they got rehoused out into the countryside, the lights turned bright and happy, as if it’s a new start to their life, a new beginning. The lighting became brighter to show their emotions turned happy. This made me feel happy for the Johnstones as they got to start a new life for themselves. In the scene were Mrs Johnstone and Mrs Lyons swear on the bible the lights went dim and a spotlight came down on them. I felt that this was effective as it created a tense environment for the audience and slightly sinister. It also effectively marked the moment. I think the use of music was extremely effective in showing me the different stages of the characters’ lives. ‘The devils got your number’ was dark and sinister, I think it symbolises Mrs Johnstone and Mrs Lyons as if making a deal with Satan. The fact that the Narrator was singing it made it feel more effective in my opinion; this was because it made you see the narrator as the devil always reminding Mrs Johnstone and Mrs Lyons of their deal. The music they chose went well with the scenes and create different moods, for example when Mrs. Johnston sang ‘and we went dancing’ song created a happy and a jolly mood, before she had children and her husband left her. The music changed when conflict grew for example when Mickey accused Edward of having an affair with Linda, the music changed to a fast tempo with makes the audience alert. The music also changed when they moved to the countryside which makes the music happy and bright. This makes people feel happy and good as if it’s going to be a good new start. The use of music also portrayed their age, such as the difference sounds of the gun shots. The gun a considerably high pitched, quite ‘ping’ when they were younger, to me this could reflect on their immaturity level and how their life consists of happiness, whereas the gun made a loud, agitated ‘bang’ noise when they older, perhaps this shows that all their happiness have been diluted due to the fact they’ve grown up and symbolises tough times in the character’s lives. The use of the narrator was really effective. The fact that the narrator was in every scene, I feel that it was effective as it portrayed to the audience that he is being represented as the never leaving past for Mrs Johnstone and Mrs Lyons even though it was the audience who only knew of his existence. He is used to taunt the two characters which eventually led Mrs. Lyons to insanity. Without the narrator, I feel the play wouldn’t have been as effective as you wouldn’t get a deeper view of the play and it generally wouldn’t make any sense. It also wouldn’t show the progress of Mrs. Lyons madness as clearly. They also used the narrator as thought tracking. The thought tracking was effective as I feel it allowed the audience to interact with the characters feelings and thoughts. In my perspective I feel it presented a clear perspective of each character. The contrast in class was clearly shown from the start of the play. The accents the characters consisted off allowed us to make a judgement on where they fit into society. The ‘scouse’ accent may be looked down up when compared to the way Mrs Lyons talked. The tone the actors playing the Lyons’ were quite patronising, as if they knew they were better and enhanced the way they talked to portray to the audience. The movement the actors across the stage also helped show the difference in hierarchy. Sean Jones, who played Mickey, made himself look more relaxed and didn’t make himself look approachable, whereas Paul Davies, who played Edward, had good posture and presented himself as a polite character. The costume the characters wore helped show their class as Sean wore loose fitting clothes with holes in, this reflected how poor his family is and how Mrs Johnstone ached to provide for children but diteriates. Paul however wore smart, fitted clothing that looked expensive. This portrayed that Edward was clearly brought up in a well off house. The set in ‘Blood Brothers’ was really effective because they showed the fact there was two different houses involved in the play. The difference in the houses was that on the rougher side, the houses were dull and boring, parts of the walls were crumbling and they had broken windows. On the other side of the street was the more posh and more well of houses, the houses on the more well off side had fixed windows, unbroken walls unlike the rougher side of the street. This gives off a theme of class and how it affects people in different backgrounds. In the end I feel like it’s a good play with lots of humour and effective acting. It was completely different to what I expected but a lot better than I thought it would be. It consists of humour, romance and tragic deaths which would generally allow you to not take your eyes of the stage. It’s a humorous, comical play which will leave the audience mind blown. The actors that took part really did well and their characterisation was brilliant. They all spoke the same accent, even though they weren’t all from Liverpool, which I congratulate them on. The fact there were hardly any people on the stage, I enjoyed as it made the play simple and not complex. I definitely would really take the opportunity to see this play again and I would highly recommend it to a friend or relative.

How does an early years setting ensure children are safe versus their Essay

How does an early years setting ensure children are safe versus their need for risky play - Essay Example Children usually want to and participate in risky or challenging varieties of play although, and to a certain extent, it involves the risk of getting injured or hurt. Because of the safety concerns of the Western culture, the issue of risky play in early years and the degree such play should be monitored and regulated are crucial and continuous debates (Greenfield 2003). These debates on play safety have generated safety proceedings and legislation from concerned child care workers and parents. This has invoked further disputes on the balance between the benefits of risky play for child development on one hand, and safety proceedings and litigations on the other hand (New, Mardell & Robinson 2005). Normally, play occurs under the supervision of adults, hence controlling what children are permitted to do and where they are permitted to go (Gill 2007). For this reason, adults are influencing the safety of children when playing, and, simultaneously, they embody the greatest limitation on the child’s capability of experiencing challenges and risks that are eventually favourable for development (Gill 2007). A persistent argument in the literature is the children gain developmentally from taking risk, and that too much protection from risk can hamper development. In a continuously evolving world, environmental and social aspects have significantly affected children’s opportunities for emotionally and physically challenging play. Where previously youngsters may have played in the street, playing ball games, riding bicycles or playing other outdoor activities, increased road hazards has made the streets and play opportunities restricted to children as the risk or perils are extremely high. Children nowadays are confined to their houses or designated areas for relatively secured places to play. Still even these are transforming (Ball 2002). With increasing populations, the enlarged need for

The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business Essay

The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business - Essay Example Adelphia, Home Store, and IM Clone systems, where CEOs and top officials in large corporations have been found guilty of fraud, improper accounting, and insider trading. Most of these officials have been convicted and face imprisonment for up to 25 years and tough fines payable to the Government for the personal profits that they have made (www.marketwatch.com). A large Insurance Company, AIG was also accused of bid rigging, fraud, and improper rigging practices and forced into making a large settlement (www.corporatenarc.com). The Company was able to settle in a civil suit and paid up $1.6 million, thereby avoiding the stiffer penalties that a criminal case could have brought upon the Company. It is also paying settlement amounts to investors who have been defrauded, as well as $100 million to the SEC. Since DWI is involved in many of the industries where there has been a prevalence of such scandals, it needs to improve its regulatory practices within the organizations in order to b e able to face up to the tough scrutiny of the public and Government agencies. Corporate leadership in DWI’s firms, in particular, must be held accountable for any fraudulent dealings and there needs to be a periodic system of inspection and accounting introduced, in order to ensure that DWI is not rocked by any financial scandals like other corporations. In order to address these problems of fraud AIG, for example, has introduced new business practices and creating new levels of transparency in the market for the benefit of the customers. (www.corporatenarc.com). Delta Airlines that is facing difficulties in fulfilling the terms of pension plans for its pilots has dumped its pension plans and has filed for bankruptcy protection in order to cover its promised payments to its pilots.(www.money.cnn.com). Company law and the securities market have been regulated in the United States predominantly under the Investment Company Act of 1940 and the Securities Act of 1933.

Is social networks a waste of time Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is social networks a waste of time - Essay Example The article starts with the cons of social networks and as to how it is decreasing productivity amongst the workers. But this decreased productivity is not the only problem posed by the social networks as the problem expands to the younger generation. The younger ones have also been indulged with the social networks and it is found that many of them even log in to their accounts when they are in school. Thus it is not only affecting their school hours but is also affecting the way that they study. However in the conclusion the author puts forward different views about social networking. According to him the advantages overweigh the disadvantages if the portals are used perfectly. He believes that the students should be encouraged to use it in accordance to the positive uses of the portal so that the disadvantages can be minimized. I agree with Bernhard Warner as he puts both the disadvantages and advantages of social networks. But in my view the younger generation should be discourag ed to a certain extent so that the social networks do not hamper their study life. I agree with the view of Warner when he puts forward the views about the workers losing productivity because of excess usage of these networks. However these workers can use these social networking sites to their advantages. In some cases it is seen that the workers advertise through social networks and this can prove to be an advantage for many companies. In some way the companies can increase their productivity rather than the view put down by Warner. Similarly the theme of the article is the effect of social networking on students. Warner believes that the young generation uses social networks even in the schools during classes and this can prove to be a disadvantage for the schooling system. In my view he is quite right in putting forward the concern for these students as at such a tender age attentiveness is quite necessary in understanding the basic concepts of a subject. In my view social netwo rking can be a waste of time when used in unusual circumstances and the circumstances in which the students are using the social networks is quite wrong. In order to limit the usage of social networks in a schooling system certain measures are necessary. It is not necessary to completely stop the students from accessing these social networking sites but it is necessary that the students are kept under observation so that they do not access it in unusual times. Warner cites creativity as an advantage of the social networking sites if the students use it in the right way. Research has also shown that there are some educational benefits associated with social networking if it is used in the right way. I personally think that social networking does allow creativity to exist if used in the right way (Science Daily 2008). It can help to diffuse information all over the world about important topics such as HIV and poverty. Warner believes that the students should be encouraged to use socia l networking sites in a positive way so that this creativity can exist in these students. In my view they should be encouraged but a limit should also be enforced upon them where these social networking sites do not interfere with their academics. I also use Facebook as a communicating device through which I can easily talk to my family back home. In some case it is seen that social netwo

Explanation Of Verbal And Non Verbal Communication English Language Essay

Explanation Of Verbal And Non Verbal Communication English Language Essay In this assignment I will be started by elucidating The importance of communication, and then I explained about verbal and non-verbal communication in sharing information and experiences, build vision, create learning environment and collaborative work culture. Typically, I brought the explanation of both verbal and nonverbal communication. Besides, it flowed the critical discussion on the functions of both communication skills. Finally, the article then seeks some of the suggestions on the factors that contribute to the effectiveness of verbal and nonverbal communications. 1. The importance of Communication It is fundamental that everyone is skilled of reading, writing, and communicating. Obviously, many people lack the important skills needed for effective communication. There are lots of educated people in this current age but many of them have poor communication skills. Clear and planned manner of smooth language is also a most imperative and functional utility, it is the medium to express information. Besides, well organized and effective communication is always found as a success of a person such as personal relationships, between members of different ideas and cultures, and in ones personal and professional life. Hence, effective communication is the most important key that we use to transmit information. Communication takes place all the times, and unexpectedly. Moreover, it happens either verbally or non-verbally. This can be seen in various activities. For example; listening, talking, watching movies, thinking, watching television programs, discussions, or mediating. Even though, a very silent person who may be communicating within himself as he is thinking of something. According to Hamzah, M. Yusof, A. (2011), stated that the communication can be seen in several characteristics such as our personal lives, carrier advancement, Ethics in communication, adapting in a multi-culture society, and changes in technology and relationships. 2. Explanation of Verbal and Non-verbal Communication 2.1 Communication in Personal Life Additionally, communication is the foundation of interaction between two or more people in personal life. Similarly, according to Murphy, P. (2007), when dealing with the arising issues in ones personal life, good and effective communication is vital. Likewise, if we have any relationship with someone, communication is what sustain the affiliation jovial. In essence, instead of agreeing on everything, showing respect and talking with reality are more crucial. Since, the relationship becomes deeper and develops, appears a good example. 2.2 Communication in Career improvement According to Malhotra, V. ( 2012) , stated that the effective communication plays a centre role of the usage of the words such as words, modulation, pronounciation, voice variation, pitch, and body language. He added that the correct tool to communicate the right messages at the most appropriate time can pick up a crises and encourage people to work toward success. As truly said by Dr.Zimmerman, (2009), communication works for those who work at it. This means communication takes place in all the times but it is imperfect. In the globalization world, the first criteria of the job selection is not to be a first class degree but the effective communication skills. For example, as illustrated in the form of Maldives Civil Cervice Commision, the highest weightage is given to the interview section, which represents a set of communication skills. This is because the effective communication is a very essential component to make the organization and ones career success, which can be intra or external group. Therefore, taking responsibility and accountability help to encourage and sustain the career, and also support the functions of the organization runs smoothly. 2.3 Ethics in Communication Apparently, an effective communicator has a high morality and humanity when dealing others. Meantime, the communicator prove that the words he/she articulates is attained positively or negatively. Hence, positive language is a powerful weapon and it can help to win hearts of others. In short, ethical matters in communication are associated to the integrity and reliability of responsibilities and respect of the persons communication. 2.4 Adaptation in Multi-cultural Society According to Hamzah, M. Yusof, A. (2011), assured that the effective communication ability is to be adabted in to various cultures and contexts, which bring harmonious and sustainable environment in the work place. 2.5 Effects of Changes on Technology and relationship Moreover, technology revolution is the most whirlwind effect in the globalization world. Technology helps the delivery, sharing and receiving messages quickly. As it is a virtual communication, it has a broad impact to personal relationships and societies. Therefore, effective communication helps to change ones attitude and also to mould as an valuable person. 3 Types of Verbal and non-verbal Communication Generally, verbal and nonverbal communication border the meaning of conversations and both are used during face-to-face negotiations. As Lee, B. (2011), explained that the nonverbal signals are uniformly significant as the words and the voice modulation. Wherefore, verbal and nonverbal signals equally send a message and describe the relationship with others. 3.1 Organizational Communication Obviously, organizational communication is observed in establishing an ideal organization. Besides, the communication focuses on formal and informal information that arises in the context of the organization. Besides, both formal and informal communication are found as downward, upward, horizontal, cross-channel, and grapevine communication. Apparently, each of these types has different roles with considered to suitability of the organization. According to Hamzah, M. Yusof, A. (2011), also explicated that there are eight types of Communication found in the working environment. These are included as interpersonal, intrapersonal, group, organizational, public, mass, intercultural, and online communication. In this assgnment, i will be elucidating organizational, interpersonal, and group communication. 3.2 Interpersonal Communication Comparatively, interpersonal communication is highly interacted with each other. Most often, it involves emotions. For example, humanity and empathy are vital in realizing the feeling of others. Interpersonal communication is also known as very unique because it is direct, personal, informal, and spontaneous information. 3.3 Group Communication Moreover, Hamzah, M. Yusof, A. (2011), also clarified that group communication is gradually arises the interactions between people until it shapes an entity. Group communication normally happens to solve problems, to form new ideas, and to get new experience. In general, it can define exchanging and recieving information between group members. 4. Types of verbal communication. According to Saylor, S. (n.d), mentioned that there are two main types of human verbal communication, speech and writing. In view of that, having more practice of speaking and writing makes one,s own effective communication skills excellent. Ever since, verbal skills go beyond in a wide variety of situations and styles, which consists both essential and advernced forms of personal interaction. Additionally, there are diverse types of communication. According to Hamzah, M. Yusof, A. (2011), approved that these various types of communication have different charactoristics and functions. Besides, communication process does not happen by chance, but it comprises a choice of situation and has exact reasons. 4.1 Written Communication Evidently, written communication happens technically nonverbal, commonly uses ideas to convey words. For example, books, letters, email, texts, memos, magazines, newspapers and personal journals are used to express messages as written communication. Another form of verbal communication requires no speech. Written communication, while technically nonverbal, commonly falls under the umbrella of verbal communication for the use of words to convey ideas. 4.2 Electronic Communication In a fast developing world, electronic communication influences in a wide range. It is a speedy type of verbal communication. It is one way service, but it is not limited. For example, voice telephony, voice mail, email, fax services, teleconferencing, video conferencing, bulletin boards, internet service, web pages and etc. The purpose this is very clear now a days; nevertheless, like books in library, or classroom space, there are limitations that insure sensible use of facilities to enable them right to control usage through denying or controlling access to these facilities. It can use to teach easily by using the wide range of information through worldwide. Besides, it helps to develop the ethics of the whirlwind information by the help of teachers. Moreover, it can help to comply with the public law and reasonable standards of professional and personal politeness and conduct. 4.3 Spoken communication According to Mosel, S. (2010), confirmed that both speech and oral communication are spreading information, ideas, attitudes, from one person to another. Affirming to this, an effective communication needs to have a clear voice, good pronounciation, and the most sufficient meaning to convey the messages. Besides, an effective spoken communicator can also show some of the non-verbal communication skills in teaching as well. Likewise, posture and body language play a very important role in spoken communication. 5 Types of Non-verbal Communication Generally, non-verbal communication is known as body language and facial expressions. It is also used to support verbal communication. For example, a teacher asking to put the book on the table in verbal communication by pointing to the table. In many cases, we communicate information in nonverbal ways using groups of behaviors. For example, we might combine a frown with crossed arms and unblinking eye gaze to indicate disapproval. The following are some types of non-verbal communication. 5. 1 Facial Expression Markedly, facial expressions are accountable for a huge part of nonverbal communication. Consider how much information can be conveyed with a smile or a frown. While nonverbal communication and behavior can vary dramatically between cultures, the facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger and fear are similar throughout the world. 5. 2 Gestures Noticeably, deliberate movements and signals are an imperative way to communicate meaning without words. Hence, common gestures contain waving, pointing, and using fingers to indicate numeric amounts. Other gestures are arbitrary and related to culture. 5. 3 Eye Gaze Furthermore, looking, staring and blinking can also be important nonverbal behaviors. Think of how many relationships start with a man and woman making eye contact across a crowded area. Clearly, a playful wink tends to be more effective. whilst people come upon people or things that they like, the rate of blinking increases and pupils open. Looking at another person can indicate a range of emotions, including hostility, interest and attraction. adding to this, just as a bright smile when we say congratulations reinforces the sincerity of our words. 6. Discussion on Functions of verbal and Non-verbal Communication   As mentioned before, communication is sharing thoughts, ideas and opinions through combined symbols and phrases. Definitely, good readers are good listeners and good listeners are better communicators. Good communication skills help us to go forward with specific set of goals with clarity. As a result, people need to initiate in pursuit of such goals, and need to devote the available relevant resources. In addition, when people have realized the target, they may share the aims with other people or use them in their work places. According to, Hamzah, M. Yusof, A. (2011), stated that comparatively both verbal and non-verbal communications are vital in ways of persuading or shifting persons view towards something what is needed. Hence, they take part in our everyday context. As non-verbal communication process wordless messages, they are known through gestures, body language, posture, facial expression, and eye contact. According to Saran, S. (Dec 22, 2009), explicated that once we communicate verbally, subsist it in a presentation or discussion. Thus, our aim of the target will be achieving and the message will be clarifying to understand. Since, the receiver is an individual or a group of people, instead of written document the message is just a speech in front of them. So, our choice of communicational words should be critical. According to Warren Windle, (2010), clarified that Verbal messages convey through variation, modulation and tempo of our voices. They also eplained that the weightage of these are carried 38% of what we communicate. As a resulut some of us use to raise the tone of voice in astonishment. Convincingly, it is realized that non-verbal communication takes place in many ways of day to day communication, through style, attire, codes or even in our daily manner. Similarly, Warren Windle, (2010), illuminated gesturing on the othe hand is non-verbal bodily movement which may also include affectionate and familiarity or negative response, and express using parts of the body like, arms, hands and may also comprise nodding and gazing of ones eyes. For example, teachers often raise hands to action others to silence when they wanted to speak. According to Cherry, K. (n.d), confirmed that non-verbal communication has a significant portion in our everyday context, either verbal communication or non-verbal communication. He also mentioned that non-verbal cues and behaviors such as postures, facial expression, eye gaze, gestures, and voice variations are used in our everyday life. Additionally, Jadwick01 (2009), elucidated that any type of communication should have a clear aim. He also stated that in the repid developing organizations, we need to have different types of communications that influence connections no matter how big or small the organization may be. Robbins, S. (2006) assumed that an organization is a constant, while it has a formal and social structure that receives capitals from the environment and practices them to create production. Stoner, J. (1989), stated that the suitably mangement must be flourishing in achieving its goals. Since then effective method of coordination is to be maintained, so that the plans are accomplished efficiently and effectively with and through other people. He aslo affirmed that there are two main reasons why communication is important in the management. Firstly it is the main process of leading, controling , organizing and planning are boomed. Secondly, the management is actively dedicated to overwelming time of th eir time. Relatively, communication can be completed in various ways. According to Mehrabian, A. (2006), found that both verbal and non-verbal communication are included the main three elements, which are established that words we express are 7% valuable, variation of the vioce are 38% effective, and non-verbal signs are 55% successful. In such situations he proved by conducting a wide range of research and said that both communication skills play a vital role in our everyday life. Furthermore, according to Lee, B. (2011), stated that verbal communication serves as a vehicle for expressing desires, ideas and concepts and is vital to the process of learning and teaching in combination with nonverbal forms of communication. In general, verbal communication is the orally expressed word and comprises real words, designed and inferred meanings, pitch and voice variation. For example, by asking permission from the teacher to go to the library. The communication that happen here is a very clear verbal communication. According to Hughes, C. (2010), convinced that the basis of communication is the interaction between people.  Coupled with, some of the key components of verbal communication are sound, words, speaking, and language. Hence, verbal communication operates as the primary tool for expression between two or more people. 7. Factors found to the Effectiveness of Verbal and Non-verbal Communication . Manifestly, a person communicating by verbal and non-verbal ways should also be aware of several factors such as style religious, cultural practices, beliefs and values. Often, personal and professional success varies depending on the ability to communicate. It is very important to be articulate and fluent in the way or mode of speech in front of audience and with parents and even in the classroom, because language we express is like a sharp weapon and it influences amazingly to the communication process. According to Hamzah, M. Yusof, A. (2011), stated that the open and hidden meaning of the message is crucial with relating to the real life situations. Further, they explained that the message we intend is to be easily understand and then the students and parents can critically interpret. Evidently, the schorlarly evidences and other real life situations are more applicable to convince and firm on our communication. Communication Factor Apparently, there are lot of communication barriers in the society or in our school environment. Effective communication is defined as the process of conveying information and common understanding from one person to another. Besides, the elements in the communication process determine the quality of communication. A problem in any of these elements can reduce effectiveness of the communication. For example, information must be encoded into a message that can be understood as the sender inteded. Also, the selection of the communication media plays a vital role. Markedly, most people at child birth have voiced, which create sounds.   Gradually, as a child grows, he/she learns how to form these sounds into words.   Some words may be imitative of natural sounds, but others may come from expressions of emotion, such as laughter or crying.  However, words alone have no sense, just people can bring meaning into terminologies.  Including both words and meaning mixed together, which direct to the maturity of communication. Particularly, language plays a creative role in verbal communication, which helps to direct a person to the right path using its causes and effects. Furthermore, using language and settled in a verbal communication, both in speech and written, means deciding the language for the most appropriated particular uses, needs and situations. Besides, selection of language and verbal communication styles has close connection with the recievers awareness of the person. Hence, the verbal communicator must be sensitive to the selection and use of language, which generate an effective communication. According to Lunenburg, (2010), that the greatest barrier in the communication process is the illusion that it has been accomplished. Moreover, Cal, W. Allyson, A. (nd), stated that in any organization, humanity is also a very important quality to apply in any situations. Since, effective communication is earnestly depended regardless of the organizational hierarchy. For this purpose, according to Goldhaber (1986), cited with Hamzah, M. Yusof, A. (2011), acknowlodged that communication in school takes place in a whole system and influences by i nternally and externally. Also, communication involves messages and its flow, purpose, direction and media. As well as, it involves people, attitude, feeling, and the skill they possess. According to Grover, S. (2012), Nonverbal communication is presently very important. He added that the way we sit or stand, the tendency of our voice, and our common bodily manners are all behaviors of communication. However, there are some barriers to nonverbal communication. Besides, they are known as not responding, encroaching, space and time, different status, communication distance, Psychology, Gender, culture and etc. These all set up barriers which ultimately reduce communication. Physical Factors Additionally, any number of physical distractions can interfere with the effectiveness of communication, including a telephone call, seating arrangements for visitors, distances between people, walls, and etc. People often take physical barriers for approved, but sometimes they can be removed. For example, a badly placed room can be removed. Disruptions such as telephone calls can be removed by issuing directions to a secretary. An appropriate choice of media can overcome distance barriers between people. Lack of Clarity Subsequently, lacking clarity is also a most common barrier to effective verbal communication. Since, a teacher or an administrator who do not communicate accurately and clearly about their topic, surely, it can run the threat of confusing the receiver of the message. The language we use may differ from someone we are communicating too. According to Lewis, J. (2012), referred to this lack of clarity as muddled messages. Since, messages that are unclear and inaccurate may be interpreted wrongly. Obviously, this is a very major issue which occurs in our school communities. Though, the best way to be sure of our clearness is to get effective feedback from the parents or teachers of the message . So, it can surely guarantee that they have received our message properly or not. Additionally, Verbal tone in communication is more than just the words we use. It also play a vital role to understand the pitch of the speaker. If someone screams to control, then he develops hostility, while a persons suggestion brought in a normal speaking voice is much less harsh and usually more effective way to communicate the same thing. For example, if someone says, give me a book, he might not earn too well. But he might get better outcome if he asks, Could you hand me a book. Electronic Communication Factor Obviously, in the fast developing world, electronic communication influences in a wide range is a big factor in the society. It is a speedy type of verbal communication. However, electronic communication involves its own set of rules. Likewise, using capital letters can be interpreted as blaring or not happy at the receiver. For a moment, it can arises misunderstandings and problems in the workplace. Spelling rules are not much concerned, they are often set aside. For example, allocating figures like u instead of you and 2 instead of too, etc are very common. consequently, the effectiveness of the words and flow through of the sentence structures are in threat. Definitely, it effects to the current situation and up coming generations. Therefore, as teachers, we should be more aware of the immense influence and show the right path to the students. Cultural Factors Similarly, non-verbal communication is convened the messages to the receiver. It can also supplement verbal communication. However there are higher chances of non-verbal communication being misinterpreted by the receivers than verbal communication. Misunderstandings are more likely to occur across people belonging to different cultural backgrounds. Individuals communicating by nonverbal means should be aware of the different meaning that different individuals may perceive from his/her communication, especially when individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds are the receivers of the information. In the school, every child is belongs to a different family, and the family background, behavior or the way they communicate can be different. Therefore, teachers must be aware of these natural facts and show the humanity to the children. Since then, we can achieve our educational goals. Physical Barrier Correspondingly, body language plays a major role to provide non-verbal communication. Prominently, being responsive of our own body language as well as another persons can make communication more effective. For example, crossed arms indicate that someone is distant and possibly unfriendly, and slouching in a chair can be interpreted as not listening as well. Studies have shown that people closer to each other tend to communicate more through nonverbal means compared to people not so close to each other . Nonverbal communication often develops in relationships . Often in a relationship , more weight is given to nonverbal portion of the communication compared to the verbal portion , and in case of a conflict the nonverbal portion tends to prevail over verbal communication . It took time during the relationship to understand one another better and develop a more effective means of communication Conclusion In conclusion, effective communication take place to achieve good communication skills through verbal and nonverbal methods, one should be capable and ready to identify the combination of communication functions which may bring out success in the communication strategy or plane to be implemented. Coupled with in consideration of both verbal and non-verbal communications, they interrelate to convey meaning. Occasionally, nonverbal communication appear before verbal, but it has not been productively discussed out which of the two ways is more efficient. Therefore, both ways of communications relate in replicating, harmonizing, replacing, articulating and regulating and ensuring of the message communicated. To improve the effectiveness of communications, schools must develop an awareness of the importance of senders and receivers responsibilities and adhere to active listening skills. Reference (2010, June 18). Retrieved from http://www.livestrong.com/article/152756-ways-to-improve-oral-communication/ Allen. (n.d.). Non-verbal Communication. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication. Retrieved from http://www.gse.au.edu/materials/Advanced_Communication/Allen.pdf Cal W, D. . (n.d.). Organizational Communication. Retrieved 2012, from http://www.books.google.mv/books?isbn=1462506607 Checher, L. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.livestrong.com/article/160676-forms-of-verbal-communication/#ixzz2AaAJ7fa6 Cherry, K. (n.d.). Types of Non-V-verbal behavior. About.com Guide. Retrieved from http://www.psychology.about.com/od/nonverbalcommunication/a/nonverbalty Cherry., K. (n.d.). Types of Non-verbal Communication. About.com Guide. Retrieved from http://www.about.com guide Dr.Zimmerman. (2009, 8 15). Communication works For Those Who Work At It. Retrieved from http://www.drzimmerman.com/communication-works.php Goldhaber, G. M. (1986). Assessing Organizational Communication: Knowledge, Skills, Sensitivity.. In Funamentals of Organizational Communication. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books/about/Organizational_communication.html?id=sHdgkJ0xxtkC Grover, S. (2012). Barriers to Nonverbal Communication. eHow Contributor. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/list_7579740_barriers-nonverbal-communication.html#ixzz2Am8Bb3af Hamzah, M. Y. (2011). Importance of Communication. In P. D. Fadzil, E. U. Malaysia (Ed.), CBFC1103-Introduction To Communication (P. (. Bhd., Trans., Second Edition ed., p. 7). Meteor Doc. Sdn.Bhd. Lot 47-48 Jalan SR, 1/9, Seksyen 9, Jalan Serdang Raya, 43300 Seri Kembangan, Selangor Darul Ehsan: Centre for Instructional Design and Technology/ Open Univercity Malaysia. Hockey-Australia-Communication-Resource-What-you-say-Matters.pdf (application/pdf Object). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.altonahc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Hockey-Australia-Communication-Resource-What-you-say-Matters.pdf Hughes, C. (2010, 6 7). verbal communication. Retrieved from www.verbal Communication.com: http://cobweb2.louisville.edu/faculty/regbruce/bruce//mgmtwebs/commun_f98/proxemics.htm Jadwick01. (2009, May). Fators That Affect Nonverbal Communication. Three Fators That Affect Nonverbal Communication. Retrieved May 2009, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Three-Factors-That-Affect-Non-Verbal-204660.html Laux, K. (n.d.). eHow Contributor. Retrieved from Four Types of Communication | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/about_4761336_four-types-communication.html#ixzz2AXdb9Hp1 Lee, B. (2011). Verbal and Non-verbal Communication. What is verbal and Non-verbal Communication, 141480. Retrieved 4 April, 2011, from http://www.livestrong.com/article/141480-what-is-verbal-non-verbal-communication/#ixzz2AUY2JLaM Lewis, J. (2012). Barriers to Effective Verbal Communication. Ehow.com. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/list_7264579_barriers-effective-verbal-communication.html#ixzz2AlydlewQ Lunenburg. (2010). Communication. Communication: The Process, Barriers, And Improving Effectiveness National Forum/Lunenburg. Retrieved from Http://www.nationalforum.com//Lunenburg.com Malhotra, V. (2012). The Importance of Good Communication Skills for Employability. Knowledge-hub. Retrieved from http://www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledge-hub/articles/communication-skills.html Mehrabian, A. (2006, Dec 29). You have probably Come Across This Rule on a Communication1971. (A. Mehrabian, Ed.) Three Elements of Communication- and the so called 7%-38%-55% Retrieved from http://www.ecademy.com/node.php?id=78144 Mosel., S. (2010, June 18). Ways to Improve Oral Communication. Retrieved from http://www.livestrong.com/article/152756-ways-to-improve-oral-communication/#ixzz2AaUlxA6V Murphy., P. (2007., 10. 7.). The Importance of Communication Skills in a Successful Life. The Importance of Communication Skills. Retrieved from http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Importance-of-Communication-Skills-in-a-Successful-Lifeid=780306 Robbins, S. (2002). Oganizational Theory: Concepts and Cases. In Organizational Theory. Retrieved from www.rmit.edu.vn/upload/files/hn_Reserve.html Saran., S. (Dec 22, 2009). About Effective Verbal Communication. Effective Verbal Communication, 66459. Retrieved from http://www.livestrong.com/article/66459-effective-verbal-communication/#ixzz2AfSmgfiR Saylor, S. (n.d.). List of Verbal Communication Types. In H. Allergies, Verbal Communication Types. Demand Media Inc. Retrieved 2012, from http://www.ehow.com/list_6038355_list-verbal-communication-types.html#ixzz2AZqjAEra Stoner, J. (1989). A Stakholder Approach to Strategic Management. NJ: Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. Retrieved from http://www.darden.virginia.edu/corporate-ethics/pdf/cv-freeman.pdf Warren Windle. (2010). Communication Skills. Office of Special Education Programs. Retrieved from http://www.directionservice.org/cadre/section4.cfm What is Non-verbal Communication. (2012, Sep 13). Retrieved from www.wisegeek.com/what-is-nonverbal-communication.htm Why Is Communication So Important? (1999, 10). Retrieved from Sudymode.com: www.studymode.com/essays/Why-Communication-So-Important-14918.html Wood, J. T. (n.d.). Interpersonal Communication. In Everyday Encounters. Canada, Nelson Education Ltd: Moncika Ekman. Retrieved from http://www.cengage.com www.csc.gov.mv/2012/05/3343. (2012, 5 1). Retrieved from www.csc,gov.mv: http://www.csc.gov.mv/2012/05/3343